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Irish English or Hiberno‐English (from Latin ''Hibernia'': "Ireland") is the set of English dialects natively written and spoken within the Republic of Ireland as well as Northern Ireland. English was brought to Ireland as a result of the Norman invasion of the late 12th century. Initially, it was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin, with mostly Irish spoken throughout the rest of the country. By the Tudor period, Irish culture and language had regained most of the territory lost to the colonists: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language". However, the English conquest and colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century marked a revival in the use of English. By the mid-19th century, English was the majority language spoken in the country. It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Modern Irish English has some features influenced by the Irish language and it also retains some archaic English elements. Most of these are more used in the spoken language than in formal written language, which is much closer to Standard British English, with a few differences in vocabulary. Irish English uses British English spelling and, mostly, British (rather than American) pronunciation standards. However, the Irish English dialects still have their own unique sound systems. Phonologists today often divide Irish English into five major dialects,〔Hickey, Raymond. ''A Sound Atlas of Irish English'', Volume 1. Walter de Gruyter: 2004, (pp. 57-60 ).〕 namely: Ulster English; West and South-West Irish English (including, for example, Cork English); local Dublin English; non-local Dublin English; and supraregional Irish English. ==Ulster English== Ulster English (or northern Irish English) here refers collectively to the varieties of the Ulster province, including Northern Ireland and neighbouring counties outside of Northern Ireland, which has been greatly influenced by Ulster Irish as well as the Scots language, brought over by Scottish settlers during the Plantation of Ulster. Its main subdivisions are mid Ulster English as well as Ulster Scots English, the latter of which is more directly and strongly influenced by the Scots language. All Ulster English has more obvious pronunciation similarities with Scottish English than other Irish English dialects. Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce: *An ordinarily grammatically-structured (i.e. non-topicalized) declarative sentences, often, with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (the type of intonation pattern that other English speakers usually associate with questions). * as lowered, in the general vicinity of . * as fronted and slightly rounded, more closely approaching . * and both in the general vicinity of . * with a backed on-glide and fronted off-glide, putting it in the vicinity of . * as , particularly before voiceless consonants. * as , though nowadays commonly or even when in a closed syllable. *, almost always, as a slightly raised monophthong . *A lack of ''happy''-tensing; with the final vowel of ''happy, holy, money,'' etc. as . *Syllable-final occasionally as "dark ()", though especially before a consonant. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Irish English」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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